Tensions between Pakistan and Afghanistan have escalated sharply, especially after the airstrikes by Pakistan on December 2024 in Afghanistan’s Paktika province which killed reportedly civilians. The incidents date back to old controversies over the Durand Line, which is the border imposed by colonialism that Afghanistan has never recognized. This further complicated matters with Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan operating from Afghan soil, thus bringing about retaliatory and then defensive operations cross the border to have their shots, but diplomatically, that’s not sufficient to end all the volatility because diplomatic efforts alone had deep effects on the people there while it remains highly geopolitical in nature.